Fluorescently labelled AVR-Pia indicated that AVR-Pia expression was induced during appressorial differentiation in the cells of both rice and onion, as well as in a penetration-deficient (Δ pls1) mutant capable of developing melanized appressoria, but unable to penetrate host cells, suggesting that AVR-Pia expression is independent of fungal penetration. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed that AVR-Pia was only expressed during infection. However, the expression and secretion of certain effector proteins, such as AVR-Pia, have yet to be reported. ![]() An understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of such interactions is crucial for the development of strategies to control disease. ![]() ![]() Avirulence effectors are recognized by host resistance proteins and trigger the host's hypersensitive response, which is a rapid and effective form of innate plant immunity. In order to facilitate infection, the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae secretes an abundance of proteins, including avirulence effectors, to diminish its host's defences.
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